Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
GMO, or “genetically modified organism,” is plants or animals created through the
gene splicing techniques of biotechnology (also called genetic engineering, or GE).
Genetic engineering is a process whereby genes from one organism are moved
into the genome of another organism. In the case of genetically engineered foods,
genes from bacteria or other plants or organisms are moved into foods such as
soybeans, corn, potatoes, and rice to provide herbicide-tolerance and/or insect
resistance to the plants. This experimental technology merges DNA from different
species, creating unstable combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and viral genes
that cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding.
Select and appropriate GMO?
There are so many ingredients or foods that have been genetically modified, such as tomato,
potato, golden rice, corn, soybean, sugar cane. Just talk about potato.
Scientific and technical principle related to the technology and the regulatory process
that must be followed
1. Genetically Modified Potato Vaccine Found For Hepatitis B
A genetically modified potato containing a vaccine for hepatitis B has been successfully
tested on animals.
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050214/full/news050214-2.html
Biologist Charles Arntzen of Arizona State University in Tempe, who worked on the
research. Arntzen and his colleagues have designed an edible vaccine that can be stored
without refrigeration inside a humble potato. They took a gene out of the hepatitis B virus
and incorporated it in the potato plant, which responded by producing the virus antigen.
Once ingested, this antigen protein creates an immune response in the human body that acts
as a booster shot against the hepatitis B virus.
The team says that although this approach is unlikely to supersede initial vaccinations, it
could replace the repeated booster injections needed to maintain immunity. "This has the
potential for a big impact on global health," says immunologist Julian Ma of St George's
Hospital Medical School in London.
2. Containing only amylopectin potatoes
The Germany Fraunhofer Society in 2009 issued a statement saying they bred Super
potatoes, which only contains branched starch amylopectin raw materials related industries
is expected to save production costs. Contains two ordinary potato starch-amylopectin and
amylose. Amylopectin wide range of uses in the food industry, paper industry and textile
industry and other industries. To be used according to the traditional methods, industrial
amylopectin had to potato amylopectin and amylose separation, both energy consumption
and waste of funds. In Germany, only paper and adhesives industry annually 50 million tons
of high-purity amylopectin.
Fraunhofer Institute researchers through the application of "orientation induced gene set
of local mutation technology, the new varieties. Such potatoes shape is the same, but with
ordinary potato amylopectin is only responsible for generating its genetic gene is active,
while the gene expression is suppressed to produce amylose.
3. Genetically modified potatoes to prevent cervical cancer
German scientists bred a transgenic potatoes, can produce cervical cancer vaccine material
that people can get the equivalent effect of vaccination after the consumption of such
potatoes.
[1-3] German Leibniz plant gene with the artificial cultivation of the scientists of the
Institute of Botany, and the German Cancer Research Center conducted the study. The
scientists chosen Potatoes as an experimental crop is relatively simple because the
transformation of its genes. The scientists said they first from the human papilloma virus -
16 (HPV-16) gene has important significance for the formation of the "shell" of this virus
extracted after implantation potatoes. Infected with HPV-16 is one of the main cause of
cervical cancer.
Scientists explained that the potatoes would accept foreign gene produce a special protein,
replication and HPV-16 is similar to the shell. If the human consumption of potatoes, the
body's immune system will "merely in its table virus shell mistaken for the real virus, and
thus the formation of antibodies. In this way, people eat this transgenic potatoes, will be able
to achieve as the effect of vaccination.
The person in charge of the research project Sofi, Ya · Bimoerte said, the animal trials have
been conducted to obtain a certain effect. However, the experiment found that in the process
of cooking the potatoes, potatoes inside special protein structure is easily damaged. Now
we can not predict when this edible potato vaccine may be of clinical use. However, the
scientists said they are considering similar selection of tomatoes, because tomatoes can be
directly eaten raw
Have genetically modified sweet potatoes after cooking
According to the BBC report, the French scientists recently developed transgenic
successful one kind of cooked and chopped sweet potatoes, scientists will be successful
in the two enzyme genes into potatoes, these two enzymes capable of potatoes
starches turn to fructose, comes into play when the potatoes are cooked and chopped,
these two enzymes, the potatoes produce sweet, inexpensive and a large number
of system fructose will be able to use this method. The experiments show that this
transgenic potato heated in a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for 45 minutes, the
starch in the potatoes can be converted to fructose compared with ordinary potatoes
fructose transgenic potatoes to 19 times more. Alleged U.S. potatoes are plentiful and
cheap, the technology has aroused the concern of the U.S. grocers.
Benefit
1. high nutrition
Experts say, the potatoes are rich in vitamin C and potassium can help greatly reduce
the number of deaths due to malnutrition. The past 20 years, China has become the
world's largest potato-producing countries, ahead of Russia, Europe and the United
States. These have all been the largest potato production, but also the most consumed
and regions. Nutritionists have done the experiment, 148 g potatoes (one large potato,
small potatoes, four or five), a daily can basically meet the vitamin and nutritional needs.
2. More economical-- paper is made more glossier, yarn is stronger, glue lasts longer
and concrete sticks better, products overall are better.
3. resistant to disease (cervical cancer and Hepatitis B)
Risk
Influence human health
Immunity
Respiratory system change
Many religious and cultural communities are against such foods because they see it as
an unnatural way of producing foods. Many people are also not comfortable with the
idea of transferring animal genes into plants and vice versa. Also, this cross-pollination
method can cause damage to other organisms that thrive in the environment.
Advantage and disadvantage of genetically modified food
Advantages
· Decrease in cost of production,
less money spent on pesticides and
insecticides (Saves money)
· Better for the environment: In
Amflora production less energy, water
and chemicals are used. Less chemical
used to resist pests.
· Less pesticide, better for farmers’
health
· High in nutrients: the protein
packed potato
· Benefits farmers and people of
developing countries
· Reduces soil erosion
· Better quality potatoes
Disadvantages
· Harmful health risks: Can cause
antibiotic resistance
· Cause health problems for
animals eating the product.
· Some GM foods may contain
allergens and toxins.
· Gene transfer may occur between
organisms.
Sources:
http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/what-is-gmo/
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/grocery_shopping/crops/23.genetically_modified_potato.html
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050214/full/news050214-2.html
http://healthylifestylechoices11.blogspot.ca/
http://gmfoodsud2.webs.com/disadvantages.htm
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/genetically-modified-foods-pros-and-cons.html
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php
GMO, or “genetically modified organism,” is plants or animals created through the
gene splicing techniques of biotechnology (also called genetic engineering, or GE).
Genetic engineering is a process whereby genes from one organism are moved
into the genome of another organism. In the case of genetically engineered foods,
genes from bacteria or other plants or organisms are moved into foods such as
soybeans, corn, potatoes, and rice to provide herbicide-tolerance and/or insect
resistance to the plants. This experimental technology merges DNA from different
species, creating unstable combinations of plant, animal, bacterial and viral genes
that cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding.
Select and appropriate GMO?
There are so many ingredients or foods that have been genetically modified, such as tomato,
potato, golden rice, corn, soybean, sugar cane. Just talk about potato.
Scientific and technical principle related to the technology and the regulatory process
that must be followed
1. Genetically Modified Potato Vaccine Found For Hepatitis B
A genetically modified potato containing a vaccine for hepatitis B has been successfully
tested on animals.
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050214/full/news050214-2.html
Biologist Charles Arntzen of Arizona State University in Tempe, who worked on the
research. Arntzen and his colleagues have designed an edible vaccine that can be stored
without refrigeration inside a humble potato. They took a gene out of the hepatitis B virus
and incorporated it in the potato plant, which responded by producing the virus antigen.
Once ingested, this antigen protein creates an immune response in the human body that acts
as a booster shot against the hepatitis B virus.
The team says that although this approach is unlikely to supersede initial vaccinations, it
could replace the repeated booster injections needed to maintain immunity. "This has the
potential for a big impact on global health," says immunologist Julian Ma of St George's
Hospital Medical School in London.
2. Containing only amylopectin potatoes
The Germany Fraunhofer Society in 2009 issued a statement saying they bred Super
potatoes, which only contains branched starch amylopectin raw materials related industries
is expected to save production costs. Contains two ordinary potato starch-amylopectin and
amylose. Amylopectin wide range of uses in the food industry, paper industry and textile
industry and other industries. To be used according to the traditional methods, industrial
amylopectin had to potato amylopectin and amylose separation, both energy consumption
and waste of funds. In Germany, only paper and adhesives industry annually 50 million tons
of high-purity amylopectin.
Fraunhofer Institute researchers through the application of "orientation induced gene set
of local mutation technology, the new varieties. Such potatoes shape is the same, but with
ordinary potato amylopectin is only responsible for generating its genetic gene is active,
while the gene expression is suppressed to produce amylose.
3. Genetically modified potatoes to prevent cervical cancer
German scientists bred a transgenic potatoes, can produce cervical cancer vaccine material
that people can get the equivalent effect of vaccination after the consumption of such
potatoes.
[1-3] German Leibniz plant gene with the artificial cultivation of the scientists of the
Institute of Botany, and the German Cancer Research Center conducted the study. The
scientists chosen Potatoes as an experimental crop is relatively simple because the
transformation of its genes. The scientists said they first from the human papilloma virus -
16 (HPV-16) gene has important significance for the formation of the "shell" of this virus
extracted after implantation potatoes. Infected with HPV-16 is one of the main cause of
cervical cancer.
Scientists explained that the potatoes would accept foreign gene produce a special protein,
replication and HPV-16 is similar to the shell. If the human consumption of potatoes, the
body's immune system will "merely in its table virus shell mistaken for the real virus, and
thus the formation of antibodies. In this way, people eat this transgenic potatoes, will be able
to achieve as the effect of vaccination.
The person in charge of the research project Sofi, Ya · Bimoerte said, the animal trials have
been conducted to obtain a certain effect. However, the experiment found that in the process
of cooking the potatoes, potatoes inside special protein structure is easily damaged. Now
we can not predict when this edible potato vaccine may be of clinical use. However, the
scientists said they are considering similar selection of tomatoes, because tomatoes can be
directly eaten raw
Have genetically modified sweet potatoes after cooking
According to the BBC report, the French scientists recently developed transgenic
successful one kind of cooked and chopped sweet potatoes, scientists will be successful
in the two enzyme genes into potatoes, these two enzymes capable of potatoes
starches turn to fructose, comes into play when the potatoes are cooked and chopped,
these two enzymes, the potatoes produce sweet, inexpensive and a large number
of system fructose will be able to use this method. The experiments show that this
transgenic potato heated in a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for 45 minutes, the
starch in the potatoes can be converted to fructose compared with ordinary potatoes
fructose transgenic potatoes to 19 times more. Alleged U.S. potatoes are plentiful and
cheap, the technology has aroused the concern of the U.S. grocers.
Benefit
1. high nutrition
Experts say, the potatoes are rich in vitamin C and potassium can help greatly reduce
the number of deaths due to malnutrition. The past 20 years, China has become the
world's largest potato-producing countries, ahead of Russia, Europe and the United
States. These have all been the largest potato production, but also the most consumed
and regions. Nutritionists have done the experiment, 148 g potatoes (one large potato,
small potatoes, four or five), a daily can basically meet the vitamin and nutritional needs.
2. More economical-- paper is made more glossier, yarn is stronger, glue lasts longer
and concrete sticks better, products overall are better.
3. resistant to disease (cervical cancer and Hepatitis B)
Risk
Influence human health
Immunity
Respiratory system change
Many religious and cultural communities are against such foods because they see it as
an unnatural way of producing foods. Many people are also not comfortable with the
idea of transferring animal genes into plants and vice versa. Also, this cross-pollination
method can cause damage to other organisms that thrive in the environment.
Advantage and disadvantage of genetically modified food
Advantages
· Decrease in cost of production,
less money spent on pesticides and
insecticides (Saves money)
· Better for the environment: In
Amflora production less energy, water
and chemicals are used. Less chemical
used to resist pests.
· Less pesticide, better for farmers’
health
· High in nutrients: the protein
packed potato
· Benefits farmers and people of
developing countries
· Reduces soil erosion
· Better quality potatoes
Disadvantages
· Harmful health risks: Can cause
antibiotic resistance
· Cause health problems for
animals eating the product.
· Some GM foods may contain
allergens and toxins.
· Gene transfer may occur between
organisms.
Sources:
http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/what-is-gmo/
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/grocery_shopping/crops/23.genetically_modified_potato.html
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050214/full/news050214-2.html
http://healthylifestylechoices11.blogspot.ca/
http://gmfoodsud2.webs.com/disadvantages.htm
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/genetically-modified-foods-pros-and-cons.html
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php